「英中对照」技术分析师详解如何保障数据中心建设阶段物理安全

Temporary CCTV and CPTED-informed lighting extend the perimeter with active monitoring of laydown yards and sensitive zones.Getty Images临时CCTV和采用CPTED理念的照明扩大了周界防护范围，对材料堆放场和敏感区域进行主动监控。Getty Images

As data center build-outs accelerate, most conversations about physical security focus on operational facilities, with threats ranging from mundane events, such as break-ins, to novel threats like drone attacks. Yet the period of greatest exposure is often earlier: during construction. Sites are porous, contractor populations are large and fluid, and high-value materials and preinstalled equipment can be targeted or tampered with. Protecting the build phase should be a core pillar of any data center’s broader physical security strategy.随着数据中心建设提速，实体安全相关讨论大多聚焦于已运营设施，所面临的威胁既包括闯入等普通事件，也包括无人机攻击等新型威胁。然而，风险敞口最大的时期往往更早：施工阶段。工地周界管控松散，承包商人员众多且流动性大，高价值材料和预装设备可能成为目标或遭到篡改。保护施工阶段应成为任何数据中心更宏观实体安全战略的核心支柱。

Construction-Phase Risks to Data Centers数据中心施工阶段风险

Physical intrusions during construction come in many forms:施工期间的实体入侵有多种形式：

Material theft. Theft of construction materials is common on open or lightly controlled construction sites. Copper, cabling, generators, and networking gear are all attractive targets, leading to financial losses and construction delays.材料盗窃。在开放或管控宽松的建筑工地，建筑材料被盗十分常见。铜材、线缆、发电机和网络设备都是极具吸引力的目标，会造成经济损失和施工延误。

Vandalism and sabotage. In some markets, community opposition to data center expansion can increase the likelihood of on-site disruption or damage.破坏行为与蓄意破坏。在某些市场，社区对数据中心扩建的反对可能增加现场扰乱或损毁的可能性。

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Deployment of spy devices. More covertly, malicious actors may attempt to plant devices – such as rogue wireless access points, small network switches, or hidden sensors – during construction to enable remote backdoor access once the facility is operational.部署间谍设备。更隐蔽的是，恶意行为者可能试图在施工期间植入设备——例如非法无线接入点、小型网络交换机或隐藏传感器——以便在设施投入运营后实现远程后门访问。

Supply chain tampering. Risks also extend into supply chains: tampering with shipments, swapping components, or introducing counterfeit or compromised gear can create backdoors or degrade reliability before the facility ever goes live.供应链篡改。风险还延伸至供应链：篡改货物、调换组件，或引入假冒或已遭入侵的设备，可能在设施上线前就留下后门或降低可靠性。

Aerial reconnaissance or nuisance activity. Hobbyist drones can expose site layouts and procedures or create safety hazards.空中侦察或滋扰活动。 业余爱好者无人机可能暴露场地布局和作业流程，或造成安全隐患。

Practical Strategies to Secure Data Center Construction Sites保障数据中心建筑工地安全的实用策略

While the overarching goal is simple – prevent unauthorized access to construction sites and their supply chains – executing this amid complex projects and large contractor populations is challenging. The following layered controls help reduce risk while maintaining construction speed.尽管总体目标很简单——防止未经授权进入建筑工地及其供应链——但在复杂项目和大量承包商人员中执行这一目标颇具挑战。以下分层控制措施有助于在保持施工速度的同时降低风险。

Establish a strong perimeter and active monitoring. Build robust physical barriers, ensure all ingress/egress routes are controlled, and funnel all foot and vehicle traffic through staffed gates. Pair this with temporary but professional-grade surveillance cameras covering the perimeter, material laydown yards, and sensitive areas; lighting designed with Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design principles; and motion or thermal sensors where feasible.建立坚固周界并实施主动监控。建造坚固的实体屏障，确保所有进出路线受到管控，并将所有行人和车辆流量引导至有人值守的大门。同时辅以临时但达到专业级的监控摄像机，覆盖周界、材料堆放场和敏感区域；采用依据“通过环境设计预防犯罪”原则设计的照明；并在可行情况下安装移动或热感应传感器。

Verify and control who enters the construction site. Vet contractors and delivery personnel before granting access, consistent with local laws and company policy. Require visible badges and use zoned access so workers can enter only the areas relevant to their tasks. This is no guarantee that bad actors won’t find their way in, but it’s one way to reduce risk.核查并控制进入建筑工地的人员。 在授予准入权限前，应按照当地法律和公司政策对承包商和送货人员进行审查。要求佩戴可见证件，并采用分区准入，使工人只能进入与其任务相关的区域。这并不能保证恶意行为者不会混入，但却是降低风险的一种方法。

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Grant access in phases. Bringing contractors on-site in smaller groups (e.g., having electricians complete their work before allowing HVAC workers to begin) reduces crowding and makes anomalous activity more visible. The trade-off is that this may slow construction by reducing the amount of work contractors can perform in parallel.分阶段授予进入权限。以较小批次安排承包商进场（例如，先让电工完成工作，再允许HVAC工人开始施工），可减少拥挤并使异常活动更易被发现。其代价是，这会减少承包商可并行开展的工作量，因此可能拖慢施工进度。

Rope off construction areas. In addition to establishing a strong perimeter around the data center site, roping off or caging high-value storage (e.g., copper, cabling, generators, and networking equipment) provides another layer of defense against theft and sabotage.围挡隔离施工区域。除了在数据中心场地周围建立坚固的周界外，对高价值存储物资（例如铜材、电缆、发电机和网络设备）进行绳索围挡或装入笼柜，还可提供又一层防范盗窃和破坏的防护。

Harden the supply chain and track custody. Vet vendors for chain-of-custody controls, tamper-evident packaging, and secure transit practices. Upon receipt, record serial numbers and MAC addresses of networked devices, use barcodes or RFID to track movement, and keep sensitive equipment in controlled cages until deployment.强化供应链并跟踪保管流程。审查供应商的监管链控制、防篡改包装和安全运输实践。收货时，记录联网设备的序列号和MAC地址，使用条形码或RFID跟踪移动，并将敏感设备保存在受控笼柜中直至部署。

Prepare for drone threats. Use drone detection where appropriate for visibility into potential aerial activity. Many forms of active drone interdiction are illegal, so coordinate with local authorities and legal teams, emphasizing deterrence, detection, and evidence capture rather than unlawful countermeasures.为无人机威胁做好准备。在适当情况下运用无人机探测，以掌握潜在的空中活动。许多主动拦截无人机的形式属于非法行为，因此需与地方当局和法律团队协调，强调威慑、探测和证据收集，而不是采用非法反制措施。

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Validate what’s installed before commissioning. Another way to detect supply chain abuse is to compare installed assets against purchase orders and approved bills of materials. Conduct technical sweeps for unauthorized wireless signals or unexpected network endpoints to identify situations where someone installed a device that isn’t supposed to be included.在调试前验证已安装内容。发现供应链滥用的另一种方法是将已安装资产与采购订单和经批准的物料清单进行比对。开展技术排查，查找未经授权的无线信号或异常网络端点，以识别有人安装了不应包含的设备的情况。

Balancing Speed and Security平衡速度与安全

Complete eradication of construction-phase physical security risks isn’t realistic, just as fully preventing cyberattacks isn’t. However, a multilayered defense strategy based on practices like those described above goes a long way toward reducing the likelihood and impact of intrusions, while improving your chances of detecting and remediating those that do occur.要完全消除施工阶段的实体安全风险并不现实，正如无法完全阻止网络攻击一样。不过，基于上述此类实践的多层防御策略，可大幅降低入侵发生的可能性和影响，同时提高检测和修复确实发生的入侵的几率。

About the Author关于作者

Technology Analyst技术分析师

Christopher Tozzi is a technology analyst with subject matter expertise in cloud computing, application development, open source software, virtualization, containers and more. He also lectures at a major university in the Albany, New York, area. His book, “For Fun and Profit: A History of the Free and Open Source Software Revolution,” was published by MIT Press.Christopher Tozzi是一名技术分析师，在云计算、应用开发、开源软件、虚拟化、容器等领域具备专业知识。他还在纽约州奥尔巴尼地区的一所主要大学讲课。他的著作《For Fun and Profit: A History of the Free and Open Source Software Revolution》由MIT Press出版。