利用智能楼宇自动化系统（BAS）改造商业建筑以实现深度节能与碳减排

Retrofitting Commercial Buildings with Smart BAS for Deep Energy and Carbon Reduction采用智能BAS对商业建筑进行改造，实现深度能源与碳减排

Mitigating climate change is becoming more urgent than ever, and this urgency has underlined the need to cut carbon emissions in the built environment. Commercial buildings contribute to a good part of the energy consumed around the world, especially those built before modern efficiency guidelines. An economical and easy route to make deep energy and carbon cuts to the built environment is retrofitting with smart Building Automation Systems (BAS).减缓气候变化正变得比以往任何时候都更加紧迫，这种紧迫性凸显了减少建筑环境碳排放的必要性。商业建筑占全球能源消耗的很大一部分，尤其是在现代能效指南出台之前建造的建筑。对建筑环境进行深度能源和碳减排的一种经济且简便的途径，是采用智能楼宇自动化系统（BAS）进行改造。

This article focuses on existing building inefficiencies and suggests smart BAS techniques and solutions that take advantage of real-time monitoring, smart control, and system integration. The paper highlights the possibility of substantial energy conservation, higher levels of operational efficiency, and less environmental degradation. It concludes with the challenges of BAS and its future.本文聚焦既有建筑的低效问题，并提出利用实时监测、智能控制和系统集成的智能BAS技术与解决方案。文章强调了其在实现大幅节能、提高运营效率和减少环境恶化方面的潜力，并在最后讨论了BAS面临的挑战及其未来。

Introduction引言

Business premises significantly contribute to electricity and fossil fuel consumption and carbon emissions worldwide. A large percentage of these buildings were designed and constructed without sophisticated energy-efficiency plans, leaving them with outdated systems and inefficient controls under contemporary use. As cities grow alongside energy needs, sustainability strategies focus on enhancing the performance of old buildings.商业场所在全球范围内造成了大量的电力和化石燃料消耗以及碳排放。这些建筑中有很大一部分在设计和建造时缺乏完善的能效方案，导致其在当代使用场景中系统陈旧、控制低效。随着城市与能源需求同步增长，可持续发展战略将重点放在提升老旧建筑的性能上。

Retrofitting is widely known as an efficient way of improving building performance, but conventional retrofit strategies usually require extensive capital investment and physical restructuring. In contrast, the adoption of smart Building Automation Systems is a more flexible and less invasive approach. Using centralized control and data-driven optimization of building systems, BAS makes it possible to manage existing infrastructure at much higher efficiency rates. BAS offers constant monitoring and control over major systems (heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting), adjusting them through sensors, communication networks and advanced control algorithms. The result is reduced energy use, increased occupant comfort and more reliable operations, making BAS a major player in the shift back to low-carbon commercial buildings.改造被公认为提升建筑性能的有效方式，但传统改造策略通常需要大量资本投资和实体结构调整。相比之下，采用智能楼宇自动化系统是一种更灵活、侵入性更低的方法。通过对建筑系统进行集中控制和数据驱动的优化，BAS使现有基础设施能够以高得多的效率运行。BAS可对主要系统（供暖、通风、空调和照明）进行持续监测和控制，并通过传感器、通信网络和先进控制算法对其进行调节。其结果是减少能源使用、提高居住者舒适度并增强运行可靠性，使BAS成为推动商业建筑回归低碳的重要力量。

Inefficient Building Systems: The Biggest Obstacle to Sustainability低效的建筑系统：可持续发展的最大障碍

Despite today’s awareness of the need for sustainability, more and more commercial building systems are inefficient. A lack of integration and coordination among building subsystems is one of the main obstacles. HVAC, lighting, and other components that consume a lot of energy commonly operate separately, resulting in redundant operation and excessive energy consumption. For example, heating or cooling systems may run at full capacity when nobody is using the space, leading to energy waste.尽管如今人们已经认识到可持续发展的必要性，但仍有越来越多的商业建筑系统效率低下。建筑子系统之间缺乏集成与协调是主要障碍之一。HVAC、照明和其他高能耗组件通常独立运行，导致重复运行和过度能耗。例如，供暖或制冷系统可能在无人使用空间时仍满负荷运行，从而造成能源浪费。

Another critical issue is the reliance on static control strategies. Conventional systems typically run on fixed schedules that are not updated to reflect real-time changes in occupancy, weather, or operational needs. This inflexibility diminishes overall efficiency and pushes up operational costs. Additionally, limited visibility into energy consumption patterns prevents facility managers from identifying inefficiencies and implementing targeted improvements.另一个关键问题是对静态控制策略的依赖。传统系统通常按照固定时间表运行，而这些时间表不会根据人员占用、天气或运营需求的实时变化进行更新。这种不灵活性降低了整体效率并推高了运营成本。此外，对能源消耗模式的可见性有限，使设施管理人员无法识别低效问题并实施有针对性的改进。

Inappropriate infrastructure is another problem. Most existing buildings cannot meet the requirements of modern energy management technologies. Most equipment controllers are outdated, which limits optimization, automation, and real-time information. All of this leads to excessive energy use and high carbon emission rates.基础设施不当是另一个问题。大多数现有建筑无法满足现代能源管理技术的要求。多数设备控制器已经过时，限制了优化、自动化和实时信息。所有这些都导致能源过度使用和高碳排放率。

Figure 1: Sustainable Building: Key Parameters Distribution图1：可持续建筑：关键参数分布

Smart Control Systems for Sustainable Commercial Buildings可持续商业建筑的智能控制系统

Smart Building Automation Systems can resolve issues with inefficient commercial buildings. BAS allows different subsystems of the building to work together with intelligence and control, enhancing energy conservation.智能楼宇自动化系统能够解决商业建筑效率低下的问题。BAS 使楼宇的不同子系统能够在智能和控制下协同工作，从而加强节能。

The foundation of BAS is a system of sensors that constantly records information about the environment, occupancy, and system operation. Controllers process this data and find the best operating points, transmitting instructions to actuators that modulate system behavior. As an example, lighting and HVAC output can be minimized in unoccupied parts of a building through occupancy sensors, reducing energy waste without sacrificing occupant comfort. State-of-the-art control options improve system performance. Demand-controlled ventilation can modulate airflow based on air quality and occupancy levels, reducing the energy needed to condition outside air. Instead of fixed schedules, adaptive scheduling enables systems to dynamically react to changes in building use. These capabilities allow buildings to perform efficiently amid changing conditions.BAS 的基础是一个传感器系统，持续记录有关环境、人员占用和系统运行的信息。控制器处理这些数据并找到最佳运行点，将指令传输给执行器，由执行器调节系统行为。例如，通过占用传感器，可以将建筑无人区域的照明和 HVAC 输出降至最低，在不牺牲占用者舒适度的情况下减少能源浪费。先进的控制选项可提高系统性能。需求控制通风可根据空气质量和人员占用水平调节气流，减少调节室外空气所需的能源。自适应调度不采用固定时间表，使系统能够对建筑使用情况的变化动态作出反应。这些能力使建筑能够在不断变化的条件下高效运行。

Monitoring and data analytics in real time are also part of BAS functionality. Facility managers can gain more in-depth knowledge of energy usage, identify areas of waste, and take corrective measures. Fault detection and diagnostic functions enable early detection of equipment problems, saving energy and decreasing maintenance expenses. Moreover, BAS can be combined with renewable energy sources such as solar PV panels to maximize energy production and consumption, further minimizing carbon emissions.实时监控和数据分析也是 BAS 功能的一部分。设施管理人员可以更深入地了解能源使用情况，识别浪费区域，并采取纠正措施。故障检测和诊断功能可及早发现设备问题，从而节约能源并降低维护费用。此外，BAS 可与太阳能光伏板等可再生能源结合，最大化能源生产和使用，进一步减少碳排放。

BAS-based retrofit projects have shown strong potential for energy and carbon reduction, offering an efficient channel to sustainability by upgrading instead of discarding current systems. The efficiency, reliability, and occupant comfort offered by BAS make it an appealing choice in a host of commercial buildings.基于 BAS 的改造项目已展现出巨大的能源和碳减排潜力，通过升级而非丢弃现有系统，为实现可持续性提供了有效途径。BAS 所提供的效率、可靠性和占用者舒适度使其成为众多商业建筑中的诱人选择。

IoT and Artificial Intelligence in the Evolution of Smart Buildings智能建筑演进中的物联网与人工智能

The ongoing transformation of digital technologies will continue to influence Building Automation Systems. The Internet of Things (IoT) allows for the implementation of more advanced sensor networks, offering finer information resolution and better system responsiveness. Such enhanced connectivity enables more accurate control and optimization of building functions.数字技术的持续转型将继续影响楼宇自动化系统。物联网（IoT）使更先进的传感器网络得以实施，提供更精细的信息分辨率和更好的系统响应能力。这种增强的连通性使楼宇功能能够得到更准确的控制和优化。

Figure 2: AI and Big Data Analytics for Building Management Systems图2：用于楼宇管理系统的人工智能与大数据分析

Machine learning and artificial intelligence are also becoming increasingly significant in the development of BAS. Such technologies can provide predictive control strategies that anticipate changes in occupancy and environmental conditions. This allows systems to adapt in advance rather than react after the fact. This predictive and autonomous operation can make a major contribution to saving energy and lowering carbon levels.机器学习和人工智能在 BAS 的发展中也变得日益重要。此类技术可提供预测控制策略，预测人员占用和环境条件的变化。这使系统能够提前适应，而非在事后作出反应。这种预测性和自主运行能够为节约能源和降低碳排放水平作出重大贡献。

The development of digital twins is another new trend that generates virtual models of actual buildings. These models help managers simulate and analyze various operating conditions to make better decisions and optimization plans. Integrating BAS with smart grids enables demand response and energy load flexibility, letting buildings stabilize the broader grid with minimal energy expense.数字孪生的发展是另一项新趋势，可生成实际建筑的虚拟模型。这些模型帮助管理人员模拟和分析各种运行工况，从而制定更好的决策和优化方案。将BAS与智能电网集成，可实现需求响应和能源负荷灵活性，使建筑能够以最低的能源成本稳定更广泛的电网。

Regulatory frameworks and sustainability targets are expected to become more stringent, which will accelerate the adoption of smart automation systems. There is a growing trend among governments and organizations to acknowledge the significance of retrofitting existing buildings as a part of their overall decarbonization initiatives. In that regard, BAS will be instrumental in the shift to net-zero energy buildings and green cities.监管框架和可持续发展目标预计将更加严格，这将加速智能自动化系统的采用。各国政府和组织日益认识到，将既有建筑改造作为其整体脱碳举措组成部分的重要性。在这方面，BAS将在向净零能耗建筑和绿色城市转型的过程中发挥重要作用。

Final Thoughts on Building Automation and Sustainability关于楼宇自动化与可持续发展的总结思考

Implementing intelligent Building Automation Systems in commercial buildings can be seen as a groundbreaking way to address the issues of energy waste and the carbon footprint of the built environment. Through system integration, smart control, and real-time data monitoring and response, BAS can achieve enhancements in building performance without the physical changes that often require significantly more investment, time, and effort. Although there are still challenges related to upfront costs, system integration, and technical expertise, these challenges are outweighed by the long-term benefits, such as reducing energy consumption, lowering operational costs, and enhancing sustainability outcomes. Further improvement of digital technologies and growing attention to environmental responsibility are likely to further stimulate the use of BAS within the next several years. Finally, intelligent automation systems will be a cornerstone in the drive toward decarbonizing commercial buildings to achieve a more sustainable and energy-efficient future.在商业建筑中实施智能楼宇自动化系统，可被视为解决建筑环境中能源浪费和碳足迹问题的开创性方式。通过系统集成、智能控制以及实时数据监控与响应，BAS能够提升建筑性能，而无需进行通常需要显著更多投资、时间和精力的实体改造。尽管在前期成本、系统集成和技术专业知识方面仍存在挑战，但长期效益——例如降低能耗、减少运营成本和提升可持续发展成效——远超这些挑战。数字技术的进一步完善以及对环境责任的日益关注，可能在未来几年进一步推动BAS的应用。最终，智能自动化系统将成为推动商业建筑脱碳、实现更具可持续性和更高能效未来的基石。

Pradip Thorat is a LEED Green Associate and is working with NRG Controls, Harrisburg, USA, as a Sr. Controls Engineer. He possesses global experience across the United States, the Middle East, Canada, and India, working with Honeywell Automation & Johnson Controls. His specialization is in Building Automation Systems design, Sustainability, indoor air quality, and biomass energy. He has delivered a complex project focusing on the reduction in energy consumption and operational costs through advanced retrofit control strategies. He has authored multiple technical papers in international journals. Contact: prthorat2021@gmail.comPradip Thorat 是 LEED Green Associate，目前在美国哈里斯堡的 NRG Controls 担任高级控制工程师。他在美国、中东、加拿大和印度拥有全球工作经验，并曾在 Honeywell Automation & Johnson Controls 工作。他的专业领域包括楼宇自动化系统设计、可持续发展、室内空气质量和生物质能。他曾交付一个复杂项目，重点是通过先进的改造控制策略降低能耗和运营成本。他已在国际期刊上发表多篇技术论文。联系方式：prthorat2021@gmail.com