「英中对照」悉尼鱼市场新址案例：集中氨制冷系统支撑热回收与节能节水设计

The new Sydney Fish Market, on the city’s western waterfront, reimagines the traditional commercial fish market as a public destination. By revealing the market’s inner workings and daily choreography of auctions, and the bustle of wholesale and retail trading, the landmark building both separates and reconciles the conflicting demands of a functioning commercial fish market with those of a public retail and dining destination.全新的悉尼鱼市场位于城市西部滨水区，将传统商业鱼市场重新构想为一处公共目的地。通过展现市场内部运作、每日拍卖的有序节奏，以及批发与零售交易的繁忙景象，这座地标建筑既区分又调和了正常运营的商业鱼市场与公共零售及餐饮目的地之间相互冲突的需求。

Project team项目团队

Client: Infrastructure NSW
Technical adviser: Mott MacDonald
Architect: 3XN GXN Architects, in association with BVN Architecture
Sustainability lead: GXN
Mechanical engineer: Aecom, Equilibrium/Climatech (joint venture)
Electrical engineer: Aecom, Stowe Australia
Drainage: Aecom/CJ Arms, Harris Page & Associates
Vertical transportation: Aecom
Civil engineer (general): Mott MacDonald, AT&L
Civil (roof): Aecom, CSS
Structural engineer: Mott MacDonald, WSP
Transportation engineer (market): PTC
Transportation engineer (site surrounds): Arup
Façade consultant: Apex, Prism
Sustainability consultant: Stantec, EMF Griffiths
Wind consultant: Windtech
Acoustics/vibration consultant: SLR客户：Infrastructure NSW
技术顾问：Mott MacDonald
建筑设计：3XN GXN Architects，与BVN Architecture合作
可持续设计负责人：GXN
机械工程师：Aecom、Equilibrium/Climatech（合资）
电气工程师：Aecom、Stowe Australia
排水工程：Aecom/CJ Arms、Harris Page & Associates
垂直交通：Aecom
土木工程师（总体）：Mott MacDonald、AT&L
土木（屋面）：Aecom、CSS
结构工程师：Mott MacDonald、WSP
交通工程师（市场）：PTC
交通工程师（场地周边）：Arup
幕墙顾问：Apex、Prism
可持续顾问：Stantec、EMF Griffiths
风工程顾问：Windtech
声学/振动顾问：SLR

Beneath its expansive, undulating roof, the new market is simultaneously a food-processing space, refrigerated storage facility, wholesale auction, seafood cooking school, office space, retail market and restaurant complex.在开阔起伏的屋面下，新市场同时是食品加工空间、冷藏仓储设施、 批发拍卖场、海鲜烹饪学校、办公空间、零售市场和餐厅综合体。

The challenge for the design engineers was that the building services had to facilitate this multitude of uses and diverse servicing demands. Instead of peppering the building with numerous independent systems, however, the design team took the bold decision to centralise all the major services, to exploit the efficiencies and resilience offered by an integrated thermal system. 设计工程师面临的挑战在于，建筑机电系统必须满足如此众多的用途和多样化的配套服务需求。然而，设计团队没有在建筑中零散设置 大量独立系统，而是大胆决定将所有主要机电系统集中化，以利用集成热力系统所带来的效率与韧性。

‘When you consider sustainability, amenity, cost, resilience and space efficiency holistically, a centralised solution made sense,’ says Michael Calcoen, technical director, buildings, at Mott MacDonald, who in his previous role as principal mechanical engineer at Aecom led the building services team during the pre-tender design phase.‘当综合考量可持续性、舒适度、成本、韧性和空间效率时，集中式方案是合理的，’Mott MacDonald建筑业务技术总监Michael Calcoen表示。他此前在Aecom担任首席机械工程师，在招标前设计阶段领导建筑机电系统团队。

The result is a building in which efficient services underpin every aspect of the market’s operation and environmental control systems support the openness of the architectural aspiration. It is also a scheme in which recovered heat and water become resources.其结果是，在这座建筑中，高效的机电系统支撑着市场运营的方方面面，环境控制系统则支撑着开放的建筑设计愿景。该方案还使回收的热量和水成为资源。

The competition-winning design by 3XN GXN Architects, in association with BVN Architecture, is built into Blackwattle Bay, so it is surrounded on three sides by water. It was constructed by Multiplex under a design-and-build contract, with Mott MacDonald appointed as technical adviser to the client, Infrastructure NSW.由3XN GXN Architects与BVN Architecture合作完成的竞赛中标方案建于Blackwattle Bay水域，因此建筑三面环水。项目由Multiplex按设计-建造合同承建，Mott MacDonald获委任为客户Infrastructure NSW的技术顾问。

Its 20,000m² basement floor – mostly car park – is hidden beneath the waves. This is also the level on which the main electrical switch rooms, water-storage tanks, greywater treatment plant and communications rooms are located.其20,000m²地下层——主要为停车场——隐藏在水面之下。主电气开关室、储水箱、灰水处理装置和通信机房也位于该层。

The design team took the bold decision to centralise all the major services  设计团队大胆决定将所有主要机电系统集中化

Above this is the lower ground floor, the operational heart of the building. It is here in the early hours of the morning that the commercial fish market teems with activity. Fish are unloaded from boats moored at the market’s wharves, or are trucked in and stacked in serried rows of blue boxes. These are brimful of iced, wet fish, ready for inspection by buyers under high-quality, full-spectrum lighting prior to the start of the Dutch auction. It is on this floor, too, that the 2,400m² of -22^°C freezers and 1^°C cool rooms are located, along with multiple ice-making machines.这一层上方是地下一层，是大楼的运营核心。凌晨时分，商业鱼市正是在这里一派繁忙。鱼从停泊在市场码头的船上卸下，或由卡车运入，堆成一排排整齐的蓝色箱柜。箱柜里装满了冰镇鲜鱼，在荷兰式拍卖开始前，供买家在优质全光谱照明下验货。这 一层还设有总面积2,400m²、温度为-22^°C的冷冻库和1^°C冷藏 间，以及多台制冰机。

By contrast, the upper ground floor is a public space. Stepped, outside terracing leads pedestrians from the waterfront up to the numerous wet-fish retailers and diverse restaurants serving the same produce cooked. It is also on this floor that full-height glazed screens enable early risers to view the drama of the commercial auctions taking place in the buyers’ room below, from 5am to 7am.相比之下，地上一层是公共空间。室外台阶式平台将行人从滨水区引至众多鲜鱼零售商和各类餐厅，餐厅将同样的食材烹制后供应。 也正是在这一层，通高玻璃隔断让早起者可以观看 楼下买家厅内于凌晨5点至7点 进行 的商业拍卖的热闹场面。

The building even includes a fish cookery school, which – along with the market offices – is housed on the mezzanine floor above. This is also the floor where the main plantroom, housing centralised cooling and heating plant, is located, tucked beneath the giant roof.大楼甚至设有鱼类烹饪学校，它与市场办公室一起 设在上方的夹层。这 里 也设有主机房，集中供冷和供热设备就布置在其中，隐匿在巨大的屋顶下方。

Together as one合为一体

When developing the design, the engineering design team moved away from the original brief of numerous, individual, decentralised services for each tenant. Instead, by consolidating the cooling and heating into centralised systems, Amec was able to increase resilience and provide a more energy efficient and flexible system for the wholesalers and retailers. 在设计开发过程中，工程设计团队放弃了最初为每个租户设置众多独立、分散机电设施的任务书要求。Amec转而将供冷与供暖整合为集中系统，从而提高了韧性，并为批发商和零售商提供了更节能、更灵活的系统。

‘It took a lot of time and effort to get the building’s various stakeholders and users to buy into the benefits of a centralised heating and cooling plant,’ explains Calcoen.Calcoen解释说：“我们花费了大量时间和精力，才让大楼的各利益相关方和用户认可集中供暖供冷设施的优势。”

At the heart of the engineering systems is a central refrigeration plant based on three custom-built, ammonia (R-717) chiller systems. Each chiller system is dedicated to one of three cooling circuits: a -30^°C brine circuit, providing about 800kW of cooling; a -10^°C brine circuit, also providing about 800kW of cooling; and a 6^oC chilled-water circuit, providing about 4,600kW of cooling. 工程系统的核心是中央制冷机房，它基于三套定制的氨（R-717）制冷机组系统。每套制冷机组专用于三条冷却回路之一：-30^°C盐水回路，提供约800kW冷量；-10^°C盐水回路，同样提供约800kW冷量；以及 6^oC冷冻水回路，提供约4,600kW冷量。

The -30^°C brine circuit serves induced draft air coolers that keep the various giant freezers at -22^°C; the -10^°C brine circuit serves induced draft coolers for the 1^°C chillers; while the 6^°C chilled water circuit primarily serves air handling units (AHUs) and fan coil units (FCUs) throughout the building.-30^°C盐水回路为引风式空气冷却器供冷，将各个大型冷冻库维持在-22^°C；-10^°C盐水回路为1^°C冷却设备的引风式冷却器供冷；而6^°C 冷冻水回路则主要服务于整栋大楼的空气处理机组（AHU）和风机盘管机组（FCU）。

A section through the fish market鱼市场剖面图

Ammonia was selected as the refrigerant for this industrial-scale refrigeration plant, for the specific load profiles and low-temperature requirements, ‘because it ticked all the boxes in terms of system resilience, energy efficiency, heat-recovery capability and sustainability’, says Calcoen. All refrigerant in the building is contained in the one plantroom.该工业规模制冷机房针对特定负荷曲线和低温要求选用氨作为制冷剂。Calcoen表示：“因为它在系统韧性、能源效率、热回收能力和可持续性方面全部满足要求。”大楼内的所有制冷剂都集中在同一个机房内。

While each circuit has a dedicated chiller, the condenser circuits are combined, and reject heat to cooling towers and through roof modules, with discrete air intake and discharge integrated into the roof architecture.尽管每条回路都配有专用制冷机组，但冷凝器回路是合并的，将热量排至冷却塔，并通过屋顶模块排出；独立的进风和排风装置已融入屋顶建筑设计。

High-grade heat is recovered 24/7 from de-superheaters and compressor oil coolers. The refrigeration plant runs continuously, with the recovered heat accumulated in large buffer tanks, where it serves the heating hot water, domestic hot water and warm defrost circuits. 高品位热量每周7天、每天24小时从减温器和压缩机油冷却器中回收。制冷机房连续运行，回收的热量蓄积在大型缓冲水箱中，用于供暖热水、生活热水和温热融霜回路。

In addition to the freezers, the -30^°C brine circuit serves the numerous ice-making machines that freeze water to meet the market’s demand of approximately 50 tonnes of ice per day. Ice making is a mixture of centralised and decentralised systems, with automated storage and delivery.除冷冻设备外，-30^°C盐水回路还为众多制冰机供冷，这些制冰机将水冻结，以满足市场每天约50吨冰的需求。制冰采用集中式与分散式相结合的系统，并具备自动化储存和输送功能。

Two types of ice are made: flake ice and plate ice. Despite their best efforts, Calcoen says the designers were unable to persuade the users to rationalise ice production and opt for a single type of ice, because each type of ice has a different use. 生产两种冰：片冰和板冰。Calcoen表示，尽管设计者尽了最大努力，仍无法说服用户合理化制冰生产并选择单一冰型，因为每种冰都有不同用途。

Flake ice is fine-textured, making it ideal for wholesalers to pack around the boxed fish to keep it fresh. Plate ice is thicker, so takes longer to melt, making it the ice of choice for retailers looking to enhance their displays.片冰质地细腻，非常适合批发商将其铺在盒装鱼周围保鲜。板冰较厚，融化所需时间更长，因此是希望提升陈列效果的零售商的首选冰型。

Retail units on the market’s upper ground floor市场地上首层的零售单元

Both chilled water and glycol at 1°C are supplied to bespoke AHUs serving the operational floor. The glycol circuit is a secondary circuit specifically to serve the AHUs on the lower ground floor and is connected to the -10°C brine circuit. 1°C的冷水和乙二醇均供应至服务营业楼层的定制AHU。乙二醇回路是专门服务于地下一层AHU的二次回路，并与-10°C盐水回路相连。

The AHUs are designed to maintain the space temperature at 14^oC, to keep produce fresh and minimise ice melt. Calcoen says the AHUs are critical to maintaining humidity levels low enough to prevent mould growth and maintain food safety. As such, the air handling arrangement includes desiccant dehumidifiers and dual cooling coils. AHU的设计可将空间温度维持在14^oC，以保持货品新鲜并最大程度减少冰的融化。Calcoen表示，AHU对于将湿度保持在足够低的水平、防止霉菌生长并保障食品安全至关重要。因此，空气处理系统配置了吸附式除湿机和双冷却盘管。

The initial coil is intended to pre-cool the outside air using chilled water, while the second glycol coil further reduces the supply air temperature to around 5°C.第一级盘管利用冷水对室外空气进行预冷，第二级乙二醇盘管则将送风温度进一步降低至约5°C。

Throughout the 14°C spaces and seafood processing areas, air distribution is through fabric ducting, which is easy to clean and maintain. ‘The fabric can be simply unzipped, removed, washed and refitted,’ says Calcoen.在所有14°C空间和海鲜加工区，空气均通过织物风管分配，这种风管便于清洁和维护。Calcoen说：‘只需拉开拉链，即可拆下织物、清洗并重新装回。’

Another major condensation challenge was from services running between different thermal zones. 另一个重大结露难题来自在不同热工分区之间敷设的管线。

‘A sprinkler pipe passing from a space maintained at 14°C or colder to a space at ambient will be cold enough for condensation to form on its surface,’ explains Calcoen. Calcoen解释说：‘喷淋管道从维持在14°C或更低温度的空间进入环境温度空间时，其表面温度会低到足以形成结露。’

To manage this, each service penetration was assessed, to inform insulation and trace heating requirements.为解决这一问题，对每个管线贯穿处都进行了评估，以确定保温和伴热需求。

The project has succeeded in achieving ‘a 45% reduction’ in potable water consumption  该项目已成功实现饮用水消耗量‘降低45%’

In addition to cooling, the ice machines’ and freezers’ induced draft air coolers are connected to a defrost circuit, to limit the buildup of ice on the heat exchangers. The defrost circuit primarily uses heat recovered from the chillers. Similarly, heat recovered from the refrigeration plant is used to preheat the domestic hot water and to provide space heating via the AHU and FCU coils.除冷却外，制冰机和冷冻设备的引风式冷风机还接入融霜回路，以限制换热器上的积冰。融霜回路主要利用冷水机组回收的热量。同样，制冷机房回收的热量用于预热生活热水，并通过AHU和FCU盘管提供空间供暖。

The heating hot water plant consists of gas-fired condensing hot water generators in an N+1 configuration, with a total capacity of 1,400kW, that satisfy the space-heating requirements of the building. 供暖热水机房由采用N+1配置的燃气冷凝式热水机组组成，总容量为1,400kW，可满足建筑的空间供暖需求。

‘Initial operational feedback from the current winter season suggests these systems are rarely used because the heat-recovery systems are performing effectively,’ explains Calcoen, who adds that while the facility was designed when gas-fired heating was the norm, consideration is being given to electrifying the heating in the future. “当前冬季的初步运行反馈表明，这些系统很少使用，因为热回收系统运行有效，”Calcoen解释道。他补充说，该设施设计时燃气供暖尚属主流，但目前正考虑在未来实现供暖电气化。

A mix of AHUs and tenant-provided FCUs supply heating, cooling and fresh air to the office spaces, cooking school, retail units and restaurants on the upper ground floor and mezzanine. The restaurants also have the option of opening the façades and turning off the air conditioning, to let the sea breezes keep the diners cool when conditions suit. AHU和租户提供的FCU为上首层和夹层的办公空间、烹饪学校、零售单元和餐厅提供供暖、制冷和新风。餐厅还可以选择打开外立面并关闭空调，在条件适宜时让海风为用餐者降温。

In summer, when temperatures can reach 35°C in Sydney, ventilation openings are kept closed, with air conditioning used to maintain a design temperature of between 21°C and 24°C. 夏季，悉尼气温可达35°C，通风开口保持关闭，并使用空调将设计温度维持在21°C至24°C之间。

‘Thermal comfort modelling confirmed that this approach provides comfortable conditions for the majority of the year, though it cannot guarantee perfect conditions during extreme weather events,’ explains Calcoen. “热舒适模拟证实，这种方式在一年中大部分时间都能提供舒适条件，尽管无法保证极端天气事件期间条件完美，”Calcoen解释道。

To maintain high air quality, restaurant kitchen exhausts discharge above the roof canopy, through specially designed roof-louvre modules. Kitchen exhaust systems include electrostatic precipitator filters and carbon filters, to eliminate grease and odours before they are discharged over the white roof surface. Cleaning systems incorporate an automatic hot-water wash-down cycle, using heat recovered from the central chiller plant.为保持高空气质量，餐厅厨房排风通过专门设计的屋顶百叶模块排至屋顶顶棚上方。厨房排风系统包括静电除尘器滤网和活性炭滤网，以在 油脂和异味被排至白色屋面 表面之前将其去除。清洗系统包含自动热水冲洗循环，利用从中央冷水机组回收的热量。

Water, water everywhere水，到处都是水

Drainage and water conservation were other services to benefit from a centralised system approach. Water is present almost everywhere in the market: it drips from the boxes of melting ice preserving the fish; it is used to defrost frozen fish; and it is used throughout to hose-down floors and food-preparation surfaces, to keep them clean and hygienic.排水与节水系统也受益于集中式系统方案。市场里几乎处处都有水：水从用于保鲜鱼类的融冰箱中滴出；被用于给冻鱼解冻；还在整个市场内用于冲洗地面和食品制备台面，以保持清洁卫生。

Aware of the high volume of water used by the old fish market, Infrastructure NSW set the designers the target of reducing the new market’s water consumption by 50%. Floor drains collect the washdown water, which is only moderately contaminated, and delivers it to a 150,000 litres per day greywater treatment plant.意识到 老鱼市场的用水量巨大，Infrastructure NSW为设计方设定了将新市场用水量降低50%的目标。地漏收集仅受到中度污染的冲洗水，并将其 输送至一座日处理量150,000升的灰水处理厂。

The roof is comprised of 407 prefabricated pyramidal cassettes屋顶由407个预制金字塔形盒体构成。

In addition, rainwater falling on the roof canopy drains to two large roof sumps. Rainwater from the eastern sump is collected and recycled. This, along with the treated greywater, is used for washdown, cooling tower make-up, toilet flushing and irrigation. Calcoen says the project has succeeded in achieving ‘a 45% reduction’ in potable water consumption against water use at the old fish market.此外，落在屋顶顶棚上的雨水排入两个大型屋顶集水坑。东侧集水坑的雨水被收集并回收利用。这些雨水与处理后的灰水一起，用于冲洗、冷却塔补水、冲厕和灌溉。Calcoen表示，相较老鱼市场的用水量，项目已成功实现饮用水消耗量“降低45%”。

Water was also an issue in the goods hoists. With the building arranged vertically, dripping boxes of iced fish are transported between floors. To manage the ice melt water run-off, specialised hoists were provided with under-car waste-water storage tanks.货物提升机也存在水的问题。由于建筑采用垂直布局，滴水的冰鲜鱼箱在楼层之间运输。为处理融冰水径流，专用提升机配备了轿厢下方废水储存箱。

Construction was completed in November 2025, with the building handed over to Sydney Fish Market for final fit-out and testing before opening to the public on 19 January 2026. Impressively for such a large building with a diverse range of uses, it achieved a 5 Green Star sustainability rating from the Green Building Council of Australia, showing that it is possible to reimagine a fish market as a public destination and flagship environmental project. 工程于2025年11月竣工，大楼移交悉尼鱼市场进行最后的装修和测试，随后于2026年1月19日向公众开放。令人印象深刻的是，作为这样一座用途多样的大型建筑，它获得了澳大利亚绿色建筑委员会颁发的5 Green Star可持续评级，表明将鱼市场重新构想为公共目的地和环保旗舰项目是可行的。 

The diagrid roof: form, function and sustainability斜交网格屋顶：形式、功能与可持续性

The new Sydney Fish Market’s 20,000m² undulating roof canopy is formed from 407 prefabricated pyramidal roof cassettes, supported on a structural glulam diagrid.
新悉尼鱼市场20,000m²起伏的屋顶顶棚由407个预制金字塔形屋顶盒段构成，由结构胶合木斜交网格支撑。

The architect wanted the roof to appear to float above the building, unencumbered by gutters and downpipes, and with no services visible from above or below. To drain the roof, Calcoen says iterative modelling was used to shape the canopy so that direct rainwater runs-off to one of two giant sumps, located above one of the building’s four concrete core structures. 建筑师希望屋顶看起来像漂浮在建筑上方，不受檐沟和雨水管的阻碍，并且从上方或下方都看不到任何设施。为了排走屋顶雨水，Calcoen表示采用迭代建模来塑造顶棚形状，使雨水直接排入两个巨型集水坑之一，集水坑位于建筑四个混凝土核心结构之一的上方。

The cassettes also serve as angled mounts for the 10,000m² of photovoltaic panels that generate up to 5% of the building’s daily energy consumption (they have produced more than 250MWh in the first nine months). 这些盒段还充当10,000m²光伏板的倾斜安装座，光伏板发电量最高可达大楼每日能耗的5%（头九个月已发电超过250MWh）。

In addition, the cassettes incorporate triangular south-facing glazed elements, to allow natural light into the building while shielding it from harsh direct sunlight. Lighting sensors allow daylight harvesting by preventing the operation of artificial light when natural light is sufficient此外，盒段整合了朝南的三角形玻璃构件，在让自然光进入建筑的同时遮挡强烈的直射阳光。照明传感器可在自然光充足时阻止人工照明运行，从而实现日光采集

The roof also includes integrated lighting within the cassettes. More than 300 programmable RGBW luminaires are integrated into the roof’s geometry, to allow the building to respond to different events throughout the year. 屋顶还在盒段内集成了照明。300多盏可编程RGBW灯具融入屋顶几何结构，使大楼能够回应全年不同的活动。

Importantly, the lighting design respects the bay’s ecology, with glare control, refined optics and limited output, to meet dark-sky principles and prevent light spill over the harbour.
重要的是，照明设计尊重海湾生态，通过眩光控制、精良的光学器件和有限的输出，满足暗天原则并防止光线溢出到港口。

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