「英中对照」CIBSE刊文分析博物馆机电改造需兼顾藏品保护等多元目标

When building services engineers talk about retrofit, the focus is typically on improving performance – upgrading the fabric, plant, lighting and controls to reduce carbon emissions. But what if they are not the principal measures by which people who use and operate a building judge whether a retrofit has been successful?当建筑服务工程师谈论改造时，重点通常是提高性能——升级围护结构、机电设备、照明和控制系统以减少碳排放。但如果这些并不是使用和 运营建筑的人员评判改造成功与否的主要标准，情况又会如何？

Research by UCL’s India Golding, with the V&A Museum in South Kensington, London, aimed to establish what retrofit success means for a museum. She interviewed more than 30 stakeholders – working in estates, projects, conservation, curatorial teams, design, security, visitor experience and senior management – to understand what they expect a retrofit to deliver. UCL的India Golding与位于伦敦南肯辛顿的V&A博物馆合作开展研究，旨在确定改造成功对博物馆意味着什么。她访谈了30多位利益相关方——分别就职于物业、项目、藏品保护、策展团队、设计、安保、访客体验和高级管理层——以了解他们期望改造带来什么。

While energy and carbon were important, they sat alongside other factors, such as protecting the museum’s collections and historic fabric, the visitor experience, and accessibility. Engineers cannot, therefore, assume the main objective is to minimise energy use. The first question may instead be: what conditions does this museum actually need to provide and for whom – or what? This is particularly important when existing building services plant reaches the end of its life. 尽管能源和碳排放很重要，但它们与其他因素并存，例如保护博物馆藏品和历史建筑本体、访客体验以及无障碍性。因此，工程师不能想当然地认为主要目标是最大限度减少能源使用。首个问题或许反而是：这家博物馆究竟需要提供何种条件，以及为谁——或什么事物——提供？当现有建筑服务设备达到使用寿命终点时，这一点尤为重要。

One participant described the replacement of chillers serving existing galleries. New equipment was selected to satisfy the existing cooling demand. Essentially, the old machine was replaced by a newer machine capable of providing the same service. This is understandable, because museums cannot allow environmental conditions protecting valuable collections to deteriorate while engineers experiment with alternative strategies. 一位参与者描述了为现有展厅供冷的冷水机组更换工作。选择新设备是为了满足现有制冷需求。从本质上讲，旧机器被一台能够提供相同服务的较新机器取代。这可以理解，因为在工程师试验替代策略时，博物馆不能让保护珍贵藏品的环境条件恶化。

However, should replacement plant automatically reproduce the conditions and loads inherited from existing installations, or is it an opportunity to reconsider what is required?然而，更换设备是否应当自动复制现有装置沿袭下来的条件和负荷，还是应借此机会重新考虑究竟需要什么？

Conventional building services measures – such as energy efficiency, carbon reduction and regulatory compliance – were most frequently raised by those responsible for measuring and reporting them. Other stakeholders judged projects differently. A curator may be concerned with presentation and access to a collection; a conservator may focus on environmental stability; and estates teams must keep ageing, often complex buildings operating reliably.常规建筑服务措施——例如能源效率、碳减排和法规合规——最常由负责衡量和报告这些措施的人员提及。其他利益相关方对项目的评判则有所不同。策展人可能关注藏品的展示和可及性；保护人员可能关注环境稳定性；而物业团队必须让日益老化、往往十分复杂的建筑保持可靠运行。

None of these objectives is wrong; the challenge is reconciling them. Changes to humidity or temperature limits to save energy must not be at the expense of acceptable environments for collections and occupants. Early engagement with those responsible for these should be part of the design process.这些目标中没有一个是错误的；挑战在于协调它们。为节约能源而改变湿度或温度限值，绝不能以牺牲藏品和人员可接受的环境为代价。尽早让负责这些目标的人员参与，应成为设计过程的一部分。

The V&A Museum in South Kensington位于南肯辛顿的V&A博物馆

Should we replace the plant at all?我们到底该不该更换机电设备？

Whole life carbon was not explicitly raised by those interviewed, but tended to emerge indirectly through discussion of the consequences of installing new equipment. As one participant put it: ‘It’s quite interesting that we think about installing new plant to save energy. There’s something counterintuitive about the fact that we are manufacturing a new thing to save on energy.’ This is an important observation.受访者并未明确提出全生命周期碳排放，但这一概念往往会在讨论安装新设备的后果时间接浮现。正如一位参与者所说：“我们考虑安装新设备来节约能源，这相当有意思。我们正在制造一个新东西来节约能源，这一事实有些违反直觉。”这是一项重要的观察。

For fossil-fuel retrofits, operational carbon savings can rapidly outweigh the embodied impact of new plant – but that balance becomes less clear as buildings and systems decarbonise. As operational carbon falls, embodied carbon associated with manufacturing, transporting and installing new plant becomes proportionately more significant, so replacing a heat pump with a slightly more efficient one is problematic 对于化石燃料改造，运营碳节省会很快超过新设备的隐含影响——但随着建筑和系统脱碳，这种平衡变得不那么清晰。随着运营碳下降，与新设备制造、运输和安装相关的隐含碳所占比例变得更高，因此用一台 效率略高的热泵替换现有热泵是有问题的。

Increasingly, the decision may become not simply ‘what is the most efficient replacement?’, but ‘does this equipment need replacing yet?’ Extending plant life, modifying controls or reconsidering environmental requirements might sometimes prove a better whole life intervention.决策可能日益不再只是“什么是最高效的更换方案？”，而是“该设备是否真的到了需要更换的时候？”延长设备寿命、修改控制策略或重新考虑环境要求，有时可能是更好的全生命周期干预措施。

Museum plant is expected to last for many years, while operating conditions change over time. That means considering future climate conditions, changing energy supplies and potentially changing patterns of museum use. Simply replacing existing equipment according to historically measured demand risks locking today’s assumptions into another generation of building services. Conversely, designing for every conceivable future extreme risks oversized plant and unnecessary embodied impact.博物馆设备预计会使用多年，而运行条件会随时间变化。这意味着要考虑未来气候条件、不断变化的能源供应以及博物馆使用模式可能发生的变化。仅根据历史测得的需求更换现有设备，可能将当今的假设锁定到下一代建筑服务系统中。反之，为所有可想象的未来极端情况进行设计，则有设备选型过大和产生不必要隐含影响的风险。

A broader measure of retrofit更全面的改造衡量标准

Golding intends to develop criteria for evaluating museum retrofit that capture environmental, economic, social and cultural value. Judging by her research, successful retrofit may be less about making a building conform to a predetermined definition of low-energy performance and more about understanding which services need to be provided – and finding the lowest-impact way of providing them.Golding 打算制定评估博物馆改造的标准，涵盖环境、经济、社会和文化价值。根据她的研究判断，成功的改造可能与其说是让建筑符合预先设定的低能耗性能定义，不如说是了解需要提供哪些服务，并找到影响最低的提供方式。

Do museums need fixed environmental conditions?博物馆需要固定的环境条件吗？

There is an interesting parallel between Golding’s research and changing thinking on thermal comfort and collection care.Golding 的研究与热舒适和藏品保护方面不断变化的思路之间，存在着有趣的相似之处。

CIBSE TM52 The limits of thermal comfort: avoiding overheating established an adaptive approach to assessing overheating, moving from reliance on a single, fixed temperature. This approach, reflected in CIBSE Guide A, recognises that temperatures people find uncomfortable change with outdoor conditions.CIBSE TM52《热舒适限值：避免过热》确立了过热评估的适应性方法，不再依赖单一固定温度。该方法在 CIBSE Guide A 中有所体现，承认人们感到不舒适的温度会随室外条件而变化。

Conservation thinking has become less prescriptive. BS EN 16893:2018 provides the standard for buildings and rooms used for heritage collections, while the joint Declaration on Environmental Guidelines from the International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works and International Council of Museums – Committee for Conservation supports a more flexible and sustainable approach to environmental control. 藏品保护思路已变得不那么规定性。BS EN 16893:2018 为遗产藏品使用的建筑和房间提供了标准，而 国际历史与艺术作品保护学会与国际博物馆协会——保护委员会联合发布的《环境指南宣言》，支持采用更灵活、可持续的环境控制方法。

It recognises that specifications should take account of needs of collections, the building and the local climate, and that collection care should not automatically assume air conditioning. Passive and lower-energy approaches should also be considered.它认识到，规格应考虑 藏品、建筑 和当地气候的需求， 且藏品保护 不应 自动假定采用 空调。被动式和低能耗方法也应纳入考虑。

This direction has been reinforced by the Bizot Green Protocol, formally adopted by the Bizot Group at Museum COP in 2023. For many classes of hygroscopic objects, the evolved guidelines indicate temperatures of 16-25°C and 40-60% relative humidity, while recognising that more sensitive objects may require tighter control.这一方向得到了 Bizot Green Protocol 的强化，该协议由 Bizot Group 于2023年在 Museum COP 上正式通过。对于许多类别的吸湿性物品，经演变的指南给出的温度为16-25°C、相对湿度为40-60%，同时承认更敏感的物品可能需要更严格的控制。

Neither people nor artefacts necessarily require a single, tightly controlled environmental condition. Establishing the conditions needed, and where, before determining the systems required to maintain them could provide significant opportunities when retrofitting museums.人员和文物未必都需要单一、受到严格控制的环境条件。在确定维持这些条件所需的系统之前，先明确需要何种条件以及在何处需要这些条件，可能会为博物馆改造带来重大机遇。

The post Museum retrofits: don’t get stuck in the past appeared first on CIBSE Journal.文章 博物馆改造：不要困在过去 首发于 CIBSE Journal。