「英中对照」英国研究界反思商用泳池固定周期水循环 探索按需调节兼顾水质与节能

Swimming pools are among the most energy-intensive buildings in the leisure sector, with an indoor-pool leisure centre potentially using around seven times as much energy per square metre as an average commercial office¹.游泳池是休闲领域能耗最高的建筑类型之一，室内泳池休闲中心每平方米的能耗可能约为普通商业办公楼的7 倍¹。

Heating the pool and maintaining warm, humid conditions are obvious contributors, but a substantial energy load is less visible – continuously circulating water through filtration and treatment systems.为泳池加热以及维持温暖潮湿的环境是显而易见的能耗来源，但还有一大部分能耗较为隐蔽——通过过滤和处理系统持续循环水体。

A developing body of UK research suggests there may be significant scope to reduce that energy demand without compromising water quality or bather safety. The research also questions whether circulation should continue to be determined primarily by fixed turnover periods, rather than responding to bathing load and actual treatment performance.英国不断积累的研究显示，在不损害水质、不危及泳客安全的前提下，这类能耗仍有较大的降低空间。该研究还质疑，水循环是否仍应主要由固定循环周期决定，而非根据游泳负荷与实际处理性能动态调整。

Assessing circulation energy水循环能耗评估

The research has developed over several years. In 2019, Martin Wood and Lester Simmonds, of Pool Sentry*, working with researchers from Cranfield University and Public Health Wales, reviewed² the role of filtration in managing cryptosporidium risk in commercial pools.这项研究已开展多年。2019年，Pool Sentry*的Martin Wood与Lester Simmonds同Cranfield University和Public Health Wales的研究人员合作，综述了²过滤工艺在商用泳池隐孢子虫风险管控中的作用。

This was followed in 2021 by work³ involving Wood, Simmonds and Loughborough University’s Timothy Marjoribanks that revisited the long-established Gage-Bidwell Law of Dilution (see panel, below) and considered how effectively filtration removes contaminants from a well-mixed pool. That work helped provide a scientific basis for relating circulation requirements to the number of bathers – effectively the pollution load – rather than relying solely on the time taken to circulate a volume equivalent to the entire contents of the pool.2021年，Wood、Simmonds与Loughborough University的Timothy Marjoribanks共同开展了后续研究³，重新审视了沿用已久的Gage-Bidwell Law of Dilution（见下方专栏），评估了过滤工艺对水体充分混合的泳池中污染物的去除效果。该研究为将水循环需求与泳客数量 ——本质上即污染负荷——相关联提供了科学依据，而非仅以循环相当于整池总蓄水量的水体所需的时间作为唯一确定依据。

The potential energy consequences of this approach were explored⁴ much more extensively by Marjoribanks, Simmonds and Wood in a 2025 paper in CIBSE’s Building Services Engineering Research & Technology (BSER&T). Using Sport England data for 6,433 non-domestic pools, the researchers estimated that circulating pool water in accordance with current UK guidance consumes around 369GWh of electricity annually, costing approximately £100m. Filter backwashing, including replacement water and its reheating, adds another £22m. The resulting carbon footprint of circulation, water and associated heating was estimated at 98,400tCO₂e per year.Marjoribanks、Simmonds和Wood在2025年发表于CIBSE旗下Building Services Engineering Research & Technology（BSER&T）的论文中，对这种方法的潜在能耗影响开展了更为广泛的探究⁴。研究人员利用Sport England提供的6,433个非住宅泳池数据估算，按照英国现行指引循环泳池水每年约消耗369GWh电力， 成本约为£100m。过滤器反冲洗（包括补充置换水及对其重新加热）还会额外产生 £22m的成本。经估算，水循环、补水及相关加热环节的年碳足迹为98,400tCO₂e。

The study then considered what happens if circulation becomes more responsive to actual requirements. Reducing pump speed while pools were closed was estimated to cut circulation energy by 36%. Reducing flow to 80% of design flow during periods of relatively low bathing load could save another 19%.该研究随后分析了水循环进一步响应实际需求时的情况：据估算，泳池闭馆期间降低水泵转速可减少36%的水循环能耗；在游泳负荷相对较低的时段将水流量降至设计流量的80%，可再节约19%的能耗。

The researchers calculated that applying both measures could reduce circulation energy by around 55%. Combining these operational changes with improvements in pumping efficiency towards Passive House Institute guidance⁵ (specific energy-efficiency target of 25-40W per m^3.h^-1 of circulating water) increased the potential saving to as much as 70%.研究人员测算，同时应用这两项措施可降低约55%的水循环能耗。若将这些运行调整措施与依照Passive House Institute指引⁵提升水泵效率的改造相结合（循环水的具体能效目标为25-40W每m^3.h^-1），潜在节能率最高可达70%。

While achieving this standard is highly desirable, the authors of the paper note that it can be a slow, expensive process to implement. In many existing legacy pools, fundamental design defects in the pipework and system hydraulics mean that achieving Passive House targets is not always practically or economically viable.尽管达到这一标准十分理想，但论文作者指出，落地实施该标准可能是一个缓慢且成本高昂的过程。在许多现存老旧泳池中，管道与系统水力层面的根本性设计缺陷意味着 达到Passive House目标在实际操作或经济层面往往不具备可行性。

These are modelling results, and the authors acknowledge considerable uncertainty in pool geometry, bathing loads, plant performance and operating practices. Importantly, however, the paper also presents measured results from two contrasting pools where pump-speed setback had been implemented.这些为模拟结果，论文作者承认，研究在泳池几何构型、洗浴负荷、水处理设备性能及运行操作方面存在较大不确定性。但需要重点说明的是，该论文同时公布了两座已实施泵速下调、工况差异较大的泳池的实测结果。

The Gage-Bidwell law and filter efficiencyGage-Bidwell定律与过滤效率

The 1926 Gage-Bidwell Law of Dilution states that, in a perfectly mixed pool, a single volumetric turnover (T_w) recirculates only 63.2% of the water, leaving 36.8% untouched. Consequently, it takes six volumetric turnovers to recirculate 99.7% of the pool’s water volume.1926年提出的Gage-Bidwell稀释定律指出，在完全混合的泳池中，单次容积周转（T_w）仅能再循环63.2%的水体，36.8%的水体未参与循环。因此，需要完成6次容积周转，才能实现占泳池总容积99.7%的水体的再循环。

However, a critical design pitfall is confusing water recirculation with actual particle removal. The classic dilution equation, C/C₀ = e^-T, implicitly assumes 100% filter efficiency (E = 1.0), meaning every contaminant particle passing through the filter media is trapped on the first pass. 但该设计有一个关键误区：将水体再循环与实际颗粒物去除相混淆。经典稀释公式 C/C₀ = e^-T 隐含假定过滤效率为100%（E = 1.0），即所有穿过滤料的污染物颗粒首次经过时就会被截留。

In practice, commercial sand filters often operate at much lower efficiencies, sometimes between 20% (E = 0.2) and 50% (E = 0.5) because of high filtration velocities, lack of proper coagulation or inadequate backwashing.实际运行中，商用砂滤器的运行效率往往远低于这一水平，受过滤流速过高、缺乏适宜的 混凝、反冲洗不充分等因素影响，其效率有时仅为20%（E = 0.2）至50%（E = 0.5）。

When filter efficiency is compromised, the actual rate of contaminant decay is significantly slower, governed by the modified decay model: C/C₀ = e^-ET. To reconcile this, the particle-turnover time (T_p = T_w / E) provides the actual time required to remove 63.2% of physical particles (such as cryptosporidium).当过滤效率不佳时，污染物的实际衰减速率会显著降低，遵循修正衰减模型：C/C₀ = e^-ET。为对应实际工况，颗粒物周转时间（T_p = T_w / E）给出了去除63.2%的实体颗粒物（如隐孢子虫）所需的实际时长。

If E falls below 50% because of poor coagulation, six turnovers are mathematically insufficient to safeguard pool users, proving that filtration performance is as critical as pumping rates.若混凝效果不佳导致E低于50%，经数学计算，6次周转不足以保障泳池使用者的安全，证明过滤性能与泵送速率同等重要。

Source: Simmonds et al, 2021 and Marjoribanks et al, 2025资料来源：Simmonds等，2021年；Marjoribanks等，2025年

Bathing loads洗浴负荷

Open-period circulation energy fell by 31% and 39%, while closed-period consumption fell by 29% in both cases, without deterioration in the reported turbidity or free-chlorine indicators.开放时段循环能耗分别下降31%和39%，两个案例中的闭馆时段能耗均下降29%，且报告所载的浊度、游离氯指标均未出现恶化。

The researchers also compared the UK’s Pool Water Treatment Advisory Group (PWTAG⁶) guidance with the German DIN 19643⁷ standard. For more than 40% of the pools analysed, the difference exceeded 20% – potentially corresponding to a much greater difference in pumping energy. Both approaches are intended to provide safe, attractive pool water.研究人员还对比了英国泳池水处理咨询组（PWTAG⁶）指南与德国DIN 19643⁷标准。在纳入分析的泳池中，超过40%的泳池按两种方法得到的计算结果差异超过20%，这可能意味着泵送能耗的差异远高于该数值。两种方法的制定目的均为提供安全、观感宜人的泳池水。

The argument has since moved beyond simply identifying potential energy savings. In 2026, Wood, Simmonds and Marjoribanks joined researchers and public health specialists from several European countries to examine⁸ how commercial pool circulation requirements are determined across Europe.此后，相关讨论已不再局限于单纯识别潜在节能空间。2026年，Wood、Simmonds和Marjoribanks与来自数个欧洲国家的研究人员、公共卫生专家合作，调研⁸欧洲地区商用泳池循环要求的确定方式。

Their paper identified two broad approaches: traditional turnover periods based largely on pool type, and circulation determined by bathing or pollution load. The second approach reflects the principle that bathers are a principal source of contamination, so treatment requirements should have some relationship to the number of people actually using the pool.他们的论文归纳出两类主流思路：一类是主要根据泳池类型设定传统周转周期，另一类是根据洗浴负荷或污染负荷确定循环要求。第二类思路遵循的原则是，洗浴者是泳池污染的主要来源，因此水处理要求应当与实际使用泳池的人数存在一定关联。

This does not mean simply turning down the pumps when the pool looks quiet. Adequate disinfectant concentration must be maintained throughout the pool, filtration must remain effective, surface extraction and chemical dosing must continue to operate correctly, and the pool hydraulics must avoid poorly treated areas. Any reduction therefore needs to be supported by monitoring and an understanding of the performance of the particular pool.这并不意味着当泳池看起来冷清时，只是简单调小水泵。必须在整个泳池内保持足够的消毒剂浓度，过滤必须保持有效，表面排水和药剂投加必须继续正常运行，且泳池水力条件必须避免出现处理不佳的区域。因此，任何降低运行都必须有监测数据和对该特定泳池性能的了解作为支撑。

Nor is this thinking entirely absent from current UK guidance. The PWTAG already recognises circulation related to bathing load, including the treatment of 1.7m³ of water per bather, and its guidance allows variable-speed drives to reduce circulation during periods of low use, subject to appropriate safeguards.这种思路在当前英国指南中也并非完全缺失。PWTAG 已认可循环量与游泳负荷相关，其中包括每名游泳者对应 1.7m³ 的处理水量；其指南还允许在采取适当保障措施的前提下，在低使用时段通过变速驱动装置降低循环量。

The 2025 research, therefore, did not trigger a sudden change in PWTAG requirements. The accumulating research points towards a potentially more significant evolution – from circulation primarily prescribed by fixed turnover periods towards an evidence-based approach that responds to bathing load and demonstrated treatment performance.因此，2025 年的研究并未突然引发 PWTAG 要求的变化。不断积累的研究指向一种可能更重大的演变——从主要由固定循环周期规定的循环，转向基于证据的方法，根据游泳负荷和已证实的处理性能作出响应。

For building services engineers, the broader question is a familiar one. Much building services plant is sized for peak conditions that occur relatively infrequently, yet can subsequently be operated as though that peak demand were permanent.对建筑设备工程师而言，这个更广泛的问题并不陌生。许多建筑机电设备按相对较少出现的峰值工况选型，但随后运行时却仿佛峰值需求会一直存在。

A technician fixing a swimming pool water pump一名维修泳池水泵的技术人员

Variable-speed control变速控制

Swimming pool circulation provides another example of where better sensing, variable-speed control and a clearer understanding of actual load may allow plant to respond to demand, rather than operating continually for peak conditions.泳池循环提供了另一个例子：更完善的传感、变速控制以及对实际负荷更清晰的认识，可使设备响应需求，而不是始终按峰值工况运行。

The potential energy savings are substantial, but the developing research is equally clear that they must be demonstrated alongside effective filtration, disinfection and pool hydraulics.潜在节能量相当可观，但正在发展的研究同样明确，节能效果必须与有效过滤、消毒和泳池水力条件一并得到验证。

The objective is not simply to circulate less water, but to determine how much treatment is actually required to maintain safe water for swimmers.目标不只是减少循环水量，而是确定实际需要多少处理，才能为游泳者维持安全的水质。

*Wood and Simmonds are employed by Pool Sentry, which provides pool monitoring, control and energy optimisation services, an interest declared in the 2025 paper. The authors reported no external funding for the research.*Wood 和 Simmonds 受雇于 Pool Sentry，该公司提供泳池监测、控制和能源优化服务，这一利益关系已在 2025 年论文中声明。作者报告称该研究未获得外部资助。

References:参考文献：

¹ Duverge, Jean Jonathan and Priyadarsini Rajagopalan. ‘Assessment of factors influencing the energy and water performance of aquatic centres’, Building Simulation (2020) 13: 771-86.¹ Duverge, Jean Jonathan 与 Priyadarsini Rajagopalan。《影响水上运动中心能源与水绩效的因素评估》，Building Simulation (2020) 13: 771-86。

² Wood M, Simmonds L, MacAdam J, Hassard F, Jarvis P, Chalmers R M. ‘Role of filtration in managing the risk from cryptosporidium in commercial swimming pools – a review’, Journal of Water and Health (2019) 17(3): 357-70 ² Wood M、Simmonds L、MacAdam J、Hassard F、Jarvis P、Chalmers R M。《过滤在管控商业游泳池隐孢子虫风险中的作用——综述》，Journal of Water and Health (2019) 17(3): 357-70。

³ Simmonds L P, Simmonds G E, Wood M, Marjoribanks T I, Amburgey J E. ‘Revisiting the Gage–Bidwell Law of Dilution in relation to the effectiveness of swimming pool filtration and the risk to swimming pool users from cryptosporidium’, Water (2021) 13(17): 2350.
³ Simmonds L P、Simmonds G E、Wood M、Marjoribanks T I、Amburgey J E。《重新审视 Gage–Bidwell 稀释定律：泳池过滤效果与泳池使用者面临的隐孢子虫风险》，Water (2021) 13(17): 2350。

⁴ Marjoribanks T I, Simmonds L P, Wood M. ‘Balancing environmental, economic and public health: The cost of swimming pool water circulation’, Building Services Engineering Research & Technology (2025) 46(4): 529–44. ⁴ Marjoribanks T I、Simmonds L P、Wood M。《平衡环境、经济与公共卫生：泳池水循环的成本》，Building Services Engineering Research & Technology (2025) 46(4): 529–44。

⁵ Gollwitzer, E, Grove-Smith, J, Peper, S, Schulz, T, Ahrens, O and Kaluza J. (2021). Passive House concept for indoor swimming pools: guidelines. Darmstadt, Germany: Passive House Institute.⁵ Gollwitzer, E、Grove-Smith, J、Peper, S、Schulz, T、Ahrens, O和Kaluza J.（2021）。室内游泳池被动房概念：指南。德国达姆施塔特：Passive House Institute。

⁶ PWTAG Technical Note 49 – Swimming pool circulation pumps and variable speed drives,  accessed 28 Aug 2026⁶ PWTAG技术说明49——游泳池循环泵与变速驱动装置， 访问于28 Aug 2026

⁷ DIN 19643-1:2023-06. Treatment of water of swimming pools and baths – Part 1: General requirements. Berlin: Beuth Verlag.⁷ DIN 19643-1:2023-06。游泳池与浴场水处理——第1部分：通用要求。柏林：Beuth Verlag。

⁸ Wood M, Simmonds L P, Chalmers R M, et al. ‘Managing bathing loads and circulation rates in commercial swimming pools: Rationale and perspective from UK and Europe’, Water (2026) 18(6): 713⁸ Wood M、Simmonds L P、Chalmers R M等。‘商业游泳池洗浴负荷与循环速率管理：英国与欧洲的理论依据与观点’，Water (2026) 18(6): 713

The post Being responsive: rethinking swimming pool circulation appeared first on CIBSE Journal.文章 响应需求：游泳池循环再思考 首发于 CIBSE Journal。