「英中对照」美国商业地产领域电动汽车充电桩：类型与配套支持

“Every couple of years, we’ve heard that this will be the year for electric vehicles and chargers to take off,” said Glenn Kurtz, Senior Vice President of Strategic Initiatives with Legacy Parking. “I think we are finally at the precipice of something amazing when it comes to EV chargers.”“每隔几年，我们就会听说今年将是电动汽车和充电桩爆发的一年，”Legacy Parking 战略举措高级副总裁 Glenn Kurtz 表示，“我认为，在电动汽车充电桩方面，我们终于即将迎来某种了不起的突破。”

Current trends predict that electric vehicles (EV) will become standard over the next 15 years. Most major automotive manufacturers have stated goals to convert most or all new car models to electric by 2035. The EV market has grown substantially in the past decade. This can be seen most visibly in the number of chargers throughout the United States.当前趋势预测，未来15年内电动汽车（EV）将成为标配。大多数主要汽车制造商已设定目标，到2035年将大部分或全部新车型转为电动。过去十年，EV市场大幅增长，这一点最明显地体现在美国各地充电桩的数量上。

Charging Types and EV Technologies充电类型与EV技术

EV charging stations currently come in three levels. A Level 1 charger is typically 120 volts fed from a standard wall outlet and is often referred to as a trickle charger. These chargers typically come with all EVs sold. The rate of charge is limited to 1.3 to 2.4 kW or 3-5 miles of EV range per hour charged. Level 1 chargers can take over 24 hours to completely charge an empty EV. Level 2 chargers can vary from 208 – 240 V, allowing for a range of 3 to 19 kW or about 18-28 miles of range per hour of charging. Level 3 charging is the fastest, at 480 volts with most cars being able to be charged up to 80-percent in 20 – 40 minutes and 100-percent in 60 – 90 minutes. Technology may find a way to reduce this time to a level similar to filling a gas tank as many researchers are working on this challenge.EV充电站目前分为三个等级。Level 1 充电器通常由标准墙壁插座提供120伏电压，常被称为涓流充电器。这类充电器通常随所有在售EV提供。充电速率限制在1.3至2.4 kW，即每充电一小时可增加3-5英里EV续航。Level 1 充电器可能需要24小时以上才能将电量耗尽的EV完全充满。Level 2 充电器的电压可为208–240 V，功率范围为3至19 kW，即每充电一小时约可增加18-28英里续航。Level 3 充电速度最快，电压为480伏，大多数汽车可在20–40分钟内充至80%，在60–90分钟内充至100%。许多研究人员正在攻克这一挑战，技术或许能找到方法，将这一时间缩短至与加满油箱相近的水平。

There are a few novel ideas for solving current charger limitations. One idea that has gained traction in the Midwest involves roadways that charge vehicles through induction while electric vehicles drive on them. This is being tested in the Midwest, with Michigan’s Governor Gretchen Whitmer announcing construction of the first mile of wireless charging road in the U.S. in Detroit. If this solution works, it could reduce the battery size requirements and the need for as many charging stations but with likely costlier infrastructure and maintenance.针对目前充电桩的局限性，有一些新颖的解决思路。其中一个在中西部获得关注的想法，是建设可在电动汽车行驶时通过感应为其充电的道路。这项技术正在中西部接受测试，密歇根州州长 Gretchen Whitmer 宣布将在底特律建设美国第一英里无线充电道路。如果这一方案可行，将可降低对电池容量的要求以及对大量充电站的需求，但基础设施和维护成本可能更高。

Another possibility involves the utilization of batteries in charging stations. These chargers would slowly fill connected batteries over time with a level 1 or 2 charger, then send a kW comparable to level 3 chargers to quickly fill EV batteries. This technology could reduce the infrastructure costs for fast charging, as older infrastructure could keep pace with charging needs without costly improvements.另一种可能方案是在充电站中利用电池。这些充电站将使用Level 1或Level 2充电器长时间缓慢为连接的电池充电，然后输出与Level 3充电器相当的千瓦功率，以快速为EV电池充电。该技术可降低快充的基础设施成本，因为旧有基础设施无需付出高昂改造成本即可跟上充电需求。

A brief look into the EVs that are on the market and on the roads shows a change in the pattern of commercial charging needs. When the first EVs hit the road, they had a more limited driving range leading to range anxiety and the worry about the ability to charge away from home. This issue has been reduced with many new EVs increasing their range to 250 miles per charge. For those vehicles, range anxiety for daily commutes has been all but erased. For vehicles with sub-100-mile ranges, charging station availability remains an issue.简要观察目前市场上和道路上行驶的EV，就会发现商业充电需求的模式正在发生变化。首批EV上路时，续航里程较短，从而引发续航焦虑，人们也担心离家后能否充电。随着许多新款EV将续航提升至每次充电250英里，这一问题已有所缓解。对这些车辆而言，日常通勤的续航焦虑几乎已消除。对于续航不足100英里的车辆，充电站的可用性仍是一个问题。

History of Electric Vehicle Adoption and Support电动汽车普及与支持的历史

The mainstream automotive industry began its gradual shift to electric vehicles with the advent of the Toyota Prius in 2000. The Prius demonstrated how the addition of batteries and an electric drivetrain could improve the efficiency of internal combustion engine (ICE) powered vehicles in these Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV). From there, the Nissan Leaf pushed its way in as the first mass-produced fully electric vehicle in December of 2010. EV adoption was bolstered by the introduction of the federal EV tax credit in the 2009 American Clean Energy and Security Act, as well as numerous state and local tax credits such as Sarasota County, Florida’s ChargeUP! Sarasota County program, or Delaware’s Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Rebates. Many programs are offered through local utility providers, some of which can be found in this article.主流汽车行业从2000年Toyota Prius问世起开始逐步向电动汽车转型。Prius展示了在这些混合动力电动汽车（HEV）中，增加电池和电驱动系统如何能够提高内燃机（ICE）驱动车辆的效率。此后，Nissan Leaf于2010年12月跻身市场，成为首款量产纯电动汽车。2009年《美国清洁能源与安全法案》出台联邦电动汽车税收抵免，再加上众多州和地方税收抵免，如佛罗里达州萨拉索塔县的 ChargeUP! Sarasota County program，或特拉华州的 Electric Vehicle Charging Equipment Rebates，推动了电动汽车的普及。许多项目由当地公用事业公司提供，部分项目请参见本文。

On the federal level, the 2021 Bipartisan Infrastructure Law established the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (NEVI) Formula Program to support the development of a national network of EV charging stations. The program continues to receive annual federal funding, including $1 billion for fiscal year 2026, with $885 million available for distribution to states after federal administrative and assistance set-asides. States must have an approved EV Infrastructure Deployment Plan to receive NEVI funding. The law also established the separate Charging and Fueling Infrastructure (CFI) Discretionary Grant Program, which provides funding for publicly accessible charging and alternative-fueling infrastructure through community and corridor grants.在联邦层面，2021年《两党基础设施法》设立了国家电动汽车基础设施（NEVI）公式拨款计划，以支持全国电动汽车充电站网络的建设。该计划持续获得年度联邦资金，其中包括2026财年的10亿美元；在扣除联邦行政与援助预留资金后，有8.85亿美元可分配给各州。各州必须具备经批准的电动汽车基础设施部署计划，方可获得NEVI资金。该法还设立了单独的充电与燃料加注基础设施（CFI）自由裁量拨款计划，通过社区和走廊拨款为公众可使用的充电与替代燃料加注基础设施提供资金。

Chargers in Commercial Properties商业物业中的充电桩

There are challenges in understanding and identifying what consumers and tenants will demand versus the convenience of the offered amenity. Owners must consider how much charging capacity a property may need, where stations should be located, how installation will affect existing electrical infrastructure and who will own, operate and maintain the equipment.要理解和明确消费者与租户会有怎样的需求，以及所提供便利设施的便利程度，并非易事。业主必须考虑物业可能需要多少充电容量、充电站的选址、安装会对现有电力基础设施造成何种影响，以及由谁拥有、运营和维护设备。

Some properties may support a limited number of Level 2 chargers as an amenity, while others may need to plan for greater charging capacity or future expansion. The economics also require consideration, including whether charging will be offered as a tenant benefit, provided at no cost or operated through a fee-based model. As EV adoption, charging technology, utility programs and regulations continue to evolve, property owners will need to balance current demand with the ability to accommodate future charging needs.部分物业可能仅将有限数量的Level 2充电桩作为便利设施，而其他物业可能需要规划更大的充电容量或未来扩容。其经济性也需要考虑，包括充电是作为租户福利、免费提供，还是通过收费模式运营。随着电动汽车普及、充电技术、公用事业项目及法规持续发展，物业业主需要在当前需求与满足未来充电需求的能力之间取得平衡。

Thank you to our ENERGY STAR Month sponsor, Georgia Power感谢我们的 ENERGY STAR 月赞助商 Georgia Power

Learn More about Georgia Power’s Commercial Energy Efficiency Program here.详细了解 Georgia Power 的 商业能效项目，请见此处。

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