「英中对照」健康建筑政策峰会观察：对室内空气质量（IAQ）的批判性审视

Healthy Building Policy Summit marks turning point for an emerging field.健康建筑政策峰会标志着一个新兴领域迎来转折点。

Key Takeaways: 要点： 

• Monitor indoor air quality to spot ventilation problems, mold and other hazards before they escalate. 监测室内空气质量，在通风问题、霉菌和其他危害恶化之前及时发现。 
• Prioritize maintenance, effective ventilation and filtration, and safer purchasing to reduce occupant exposure. 优先做好维护、有效的通风与过滤以及更安全的采购，以减少使用者的暴露。 
• Design and operate buildings around the needs of children and people with disabilities—healthier, more accessible spaces benefit everyone. 围绕儿童和残障人士的需求设计和运营建筑——更健康、更无障碍的空间惠及每一个人。 

“Our goal could not be clearer – to make healthy indoor air the norm, not the exception in every building everywhere.” – Rick Fedrizzi, Executive Chairman, International WELL Building Institute “我们的目标再清晰不过——让健康的室内空气成为每一栋建筑的常态，而非例外。”——International WELL Building Institute 执行主席 Rick Fedrizzi 

How many people, when they consider the biggest impacts on their health, would include the buildings they occupy on the list? Surely not many – yet the high-caliber experts presenting at the third Healthy Building Policy Summit held in late September in Washington, D.C., are seeking to change that. 有多少人在思考对健康的最大影响时，会把自己身处的建筑列入清单？想必不多——然而，出席9月下旬在华盛顿特区举行的第三届健康建筑政策峰会的众多高水平专家，正力图改变这一现状。 

The interdisciplinary collection of speakers and attendees – from academia, industry, government and non-governmental organizations – made a compelling case for treating the condition and management of institutional and commercial buildings as a major factor in human health with research, investment and practice geared accordingly.   来自学术界、产业界、政府和非政府组织的跨学科演讲者与参会者提出了令人信服的论点：应将机构与商业建筑的状况和管理视为影响人类健康的重要因素，并据此开展相应的研究、投资和实践。  

“The building is the highest dose, longest exposure drug in human health and we need to engineer for it, prescribe it as if it is … a medicine,” says Marwa Zaatari, chief engineer for Poppy. “建筑是人类健康领域剂量最高、暴露时间最长的药物，我们需要围绕它进行工程设计，像对待……药物一样为它开处方，”Poppy 首席工程师 Marwa Zaatari 说。 

The idea of buildings as drugs was just one of many concepts presented at this event. Speakers made the case for coordinating across the buildings, health and national security sectors so that threats from childhood asthma to disease transmission and biowarfare may be safely detected and mitigated. They also presented substantial evidence that the healthy building movement they champion is reaching a tipping point.   “建筑即药物”的理念只是此次活动提出的众多概念之一。演讲者们主张在建筑、医疗卫生和国家安全领域之间开展协调，以便安全地检测和化解从儿童哮喘到疾病传播乃至生物战等各种威胁。他们还提供了大量证据，表明他们所倡导的健康建筑运动正在接近临界点。  

Threats hiding inside 潜藏在室内的威胁 

Zaatari cited a recent large scale study from the United Kingdom of more than 500,000 people examining mortality risk, which found indoor and outdoor environmental exposures accounting for 10 times greater risk of untimely death than one’s genetic inheritance.  Zaatari 援引了英国一项涵盖50多万人的大规模研究，该研究考察了死亡风险，发现室内和室外环境暴露造成的过早死亡风险，是一个人遗传因素的10倍。 

“The environment is the main event,” she says. “环境才是主角，”她说。 

As indoor air quality (IAQ) experts like to point out, the indoors is where we spend 90 percent of our time. It’s also where the air frequently contains more concentrated toxins, gases and biological contaminants than outside. When outdoor air is polluted from wildfire smoke, preventing that bad air from infiltrating the indoors represents an additional facilities management challenge. 正如室内空气质量（IAQ）专家们经常指出的那样，我们90%的时间都在室内度过。室内空气中的毒素、气体和生物性污染物浓度也往往高于室外。当室外空气受到野火烟雾污染时，防止污浊空气渗入室内便成为设施管理面临的又一挑战。 

The dilemma of operations and maintenance shortcomings leading to the proliferation of indoor asthma triggers – from dust and mold to strong chemicals – was emphasized at this event as it was at the recent Healthy Schools for Healthy Kids Summit organized by several of the same organizations.  运营与维护不足导致室内哮喘诱因——从灰尘、霉菌到刺激性化学品——大量滋生，这一困境在本次峰会上被着重强调，正如在近期由其中几家相同机构组织的健康学校与健康儿童峰会上一样。 

Asthma is particularly a problem for school kids with their sensitive, developing systems stuck in aging, underfunded school facilities. As Jenna Riemenschneider, vice president of advocacy & policy at the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, recounted, 1 in 15 children regularly suffer from asthma. 哮喘对学龄儿童来说尤其是个问题，他们敏感且正在发育的身体被困在老化、资金不足的校舍中。正如 Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America 倡导&政策副总裁 Jenna Riemenschneider 所述，每15名儿童中就有1名长期受哮喘困扰。 

“Asthma is the leading cause of missed school days, (accounting for) about 1 in 6 absences in the United States,” she says.  “哮喘是缺课的首要原因，（约占）美国缺勤总数的六分之一，”她说。 

Nsedu Obot Witherspoon, executive director of the Children’s Environmental Health Network, added that the annual price tag for combating this disease in the United States is about $118 billion. 儿童环境健康网络（Children’s Environmental Health Network）执行主任 Nsedu Obot Witherspoon 补充说，美国每年用于防治这种疾病的费用约为 1180 亿美元。 

Speakers also discussed the risks of dangerous chemicals in building and office products, such as PFAS or “forever chemicals,” so-called because they persist in the environment for years without breaking down. PFAS can be found in such products as upholstery, carpet, coatings and sealants – yet can be avoided with careful purchasing. 演讲者还讨论了建筑和办公产品中有害化学物质的风险，例如 PFAS 或“永久性化学品”，之所以这样称呼，是因为它们能在环境中存留多年而不分解。PFAS 可见于室内装饰品、地毯、涂料和密封剂等产品中——但只要谨慎采购就可以避免。 

Two critical aspects of occupant health were emphasized. First, cognitive abilities and psychological health as well as physical health can be significantly impacted by the indoor environment. For example, high levels of carbon dioxide, a sign of poor ventilation, has been shown to impact worker productivity and judgement.  会议强调了居住者健康的两个关键方面。首先，认知能力和心理健康以及身体健康都可能受到室内环境的显著影响。例如，二氧化碳浓度过高（通风不良的表现）已被证明会影响员工的工作效率和判断力。 

“Life expectancy in the south side of Chicago is 20 years less than in other parts of the same city,” says Eric Corey Freed, principal and sustainability director of CannonDesign, as example of how risks are not evenly distributed and that zip code is one of the most reliable indicators of your health prospects. “芝加哥南区的预期寿命比同一城市其他地区少 20 年，”CannonDesign 负责人兼可持续发展总监 Eric Corey Freed 说。这个例子说明风险分布并不均衡，邮政编码是预测你健康前景最可靠的指标之一。 

Rethinking health in buildings 重新思考建筑中的健康 

The group of experts that convened for the summit were not shy about reconceptualizing the problems of health in buildings to arrive at better solutions. This led to some truly mind-bending perspectives on the challenges confronting the building industries.   参加峰会的专家们毫不避讳地重新构想建筑中的健康问题，以寻求更好的解决方案。这为建筑行业面临的挑战带来了一些真正令人大开眼界的观点。  

Eric Malmstrom, CEO of SafeTraces, framed the IAQ quandary by saying, “We’re breathing in 2,000 gallons of air per day.” SafeTraces 首席执行官 Eric Malmstrom 这样描述室内空气质量的困境：“我们每天呼吸 2000 加仑的空气。” 

Dr. Joseph G. Allen, director of the healthy buildings program at Harvard’s T. H. Chan School of Public Health, says his program’s recent disturbing research found that air and dust in buildings is “Hormonally active … lighting up estrogen receptors, testosterone receptors (which can) interfere with our hormone systems,” introducing a whole new category of health risks. 哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院（T. H. Chan School of Public Health）健康建筑项目主任 Joseph G. Allen 博士表示，他所在项目最近一项令人不安的研究发现，建筑物中的空气和灰尘“具有激素活性……会激活雌激素受体、睾酮受体，（从而）干扰我们的激素系统”，由此引出了一种全新的健康风险类别。 

Whereas we are used to thinking of humans as having five senses, Yiselle Santos Rivera, president-elect of the American Institute of Architects, cited research suggesting that “We have over 33 senses. Two of them, proprioception and interoception, are focused on how we sense space with our bodies.” These spatial senses affect our experience inside buildings in ways that few have taken into account. 我们习惯于认为人类有五种感官，但美国建筑师协会候任主席 Yiselle Santos Rivera 援引研究表明：“我们拥有超过 33 种感官。其中两种——本体感觉和内感受——专注于我们的身体如何感知空间。”这些空间感官以鲜有人考虑的方式影响着我们在建筑物内的体验。 

Karen Alexander, director of outreach and education for the John Hopkins School of Medicine’s International Arts + Mind Lab, discussed the emerging discipline of “Neuroaesthetics … the science of how our brains and therefore our bodies are impacted by sensory inputs, arts and aesthetic experiences.” 约翰霍普金斯大学医学院国际艺术与心智实验室（International Arts + Mind Lab）外联与教育主任 Karen Alexander 讨论了“神经美学”这一新兴学科……即研究我们的大脑乃至我们的身体如何受到感官输入、艺术和美学体验影响的科学。 

A recurring event theme was the notion that buildings designed and operated for the disadvantaged can work best for everyone. Matthew Biel, director of Georgetown's Thrive Center for Children, Families and Communities, cited “an amazing initiative called Urban 95. It’s (looking at) cities from 95 centimeters (off the ground), which is the height of the average 3-year-old. And it’s thinking about, for the average 3-year-old — what is it like to get onto a bus? What is it like to enter a curb cut or walk into a park or building or stand in an elevator or walk into a house? If it works for a 3-year-old, it works for every human being.” 会议反复出现的一个主题是这样一种理念：为弱势群体设计和运营的建筑对所有人都能发挥最佳作用。乔治城大学儿童、家庭与社区发展中心（Thrive Center）主任 Matthew Biel 提到“一个了不起的项目，名为 Urban 95。它从离地 95 厘米的高度审视城市，这正是 3 岁儿童的平均身高。它在思考，对于一个普通 3 岁孩子来说——登上公交车是什么感觉？走上路缘坡道、走进公园或大楼、站在电梯里或走进家门又是什么感觉？如果它对 3 岁孩子友好，那么它对每个人都友好。” 

Rivera pointed out how the concept of “disability” had progressed from being considered “a personal attribute” to “a condition built by the built environment and technology” – that, in other words, it’s a facility’s problem, not a disabled individual’s problem, if they can’t navigate through it easily and safely.   Rivera 指出，“残疾”这一概念已经从被视为“一种个人属性”发展为“一种由建成环境和技术造成的状况”——换言之，如果一个人无法轻松、安全地在建筑内通行，那是设施的问题，而不是残障人士个人的问题。  

Solutions – and a turning point 解决方案——以及转折点 

Speakers pointed to many signs of progress that their healthy building message is breaking through, as evidenced by new technologies, programs, investments and commitments.   演讲者指出了许多进展迹象，表明他们的健康建筑理念正在取得突破，新技术、新项目、新投资和新承诺便是明证。  

Of particular significance are recent advancements in sensor technologies making it increasingly practical and affordable to conduct continuous indoor air monitoring across facilities. Several speakers cited programs underway in large school districts.  尤其值得一提的是，传感器技术的最新进展使得在各设施中开展持续室内空气监测变得越来越切实可行且经济实惠。多位演讲者提到了大型学区正在开展的项目。 

Georgia Lagoudas, senior fellow and faculty at Brown University’s Pandemic Center, noted that both the Boston and Denver school districts have deployed thousands of such monitors.  布朗大学流行病中心（Brown University’s Pandemic Center）高级研究员兼教师 Georgia Lagoudas 指出，波士顿和丹佛的学区都已部署了数千台此类监测设备。 

In Boston, this investment has had many unforeseen benefits: “This dealt with issues of maintenance that might have not been able to be detected earlier,” she says. “They were able to do quick assessments of where mold is popping up, so they initially started with a case for health, and then they showed that it paid financially.” 在波士顿，这项投资带来了许多意想不到的好处：“这解决了一些原本可能无法更早发现的维护问题，”她说。“他们能够快速评估哪里出现了霉菌，所以他们最初是以健康为出发点，然后证明了它在经济上也是划算的。” 

There was much discussion of the investment of $150 million by the relatively new federal health research program ARPA-H in its BREATHE program — short for Building Resilient Environments for Air and Total Health — focused on developing intelligent building systems that sense, assess and protect. 与会者还大量讨论了相对较新的联邦健康研究项目 ARPA-H 在其 BREATHE 计划中投入的 1.5 亿美元——BREATHE 是“Building Resilient Environments for Air and Total Health”（为空气与整体健康构建韧性环境）的缩写——该计划专注于开发能够感知、评估和防护的智能建筑系统。 

Zaatari described the work her firm is doing under BREATHE’s SCALE program, which stands for “Strategic Control of Bioaerosols in a Learning Environment.”  Zaatari 介绍了她的公司在 BREATHE 的 SCALE 计划下开展的工作，SCALE 是“Strategic Control of Bioaerosols in a Learning Environment”（学习环境中生物气溶胶的战略控制）的缩写。 

The program’s parts include, Zaatari says, “Building a biosensor that can detect, in real time, multiple organisms such as viruses, bacteria, allergens and mold … building a risk decision engine … that takes all of this into account and decides what is the proper amount of clean airflow … and (implementation) … in this case we’re giving schools a building automation system that can respond appropriately with the measures we have inside buildings, for example ventilation and filtration.” Zaatari 表示，该计划的内容包括：“构建一种能够实时检测多种生物（如病毒、细菌、过敏原和霉菌）的生物传感器……构建一个风险决策引擎……它将所有因素纳入考量，并决定合适的洁净空气流量……以及（实施）……在这个案例中，我们为学校提供了一套楼宇自动化系统，它能够借助我们在建筑内部已有的手段（例如通风和过滤）做出恰当的响应。” 

The focus on biological contaminants is no coincidence. While the COVID pandemic was a disaster for so many, one ultimate silver lining of that experience was the resulting attention it provided to the need to detect and address some of the greatest risks in the indoor environment. In addition to federal funding of ARPA-H’s IAQ work, the private sector has begun investing impressive sums in related research.   对生物污染物的关注并非巧合。尽管新冠疫情对许多人来说是一场灾难，但这段经历最终带来的一线希望是，它使人们开始关注检测和应对室内环境中一些最大风险的必要性。除了联邦政府对 ARPA-H 室内空气质量工作的资助外，私营部门也已开始在相关研究中投入可观的资金。  

This includes a $500 million fund called Intercept financed by companies including Stripe and Anthropic, with a focus on protecting people from viruses with such solutions as better air filtration. A company called Pilgrim also managed to raise $25 million for its technology to detect airborne pathogens through real-time biological sensors. 其中包括由 Stripe 和 Anthropic 等公司出资设立的一项名为 Intercept 的 5 亿美元基金，其重点是通过更好的空气过滤等解决方案保护人们免受病毒侵害。一家名为 Pilgrim 的公司也成功筹集了 2,500 万美元，用于其通过实时生物传感器检测空气传播病原体的技术。 

Multiple speakers at the summit are heavily involved in recent efforts to bring together an international coalition to coordinate on healthy building issues. The new Global Pledge for Healthy Indoor Air is, in the words of Rick Fedrizzi, executive chairman of the International Well Building Institute, “A shared strategic road map, a global framework for action that brings together nine interconnected levers of market transformation, 40 strategic priority areas and nearly 180 recommended actions.” 峰会上的多位演讲者都深度参与了近期组建国际联盟、协调健康建筑议题的工作。国际WELL建筑研究院（International Well Building Institute）执行主席 Rick Fedrizzi 表示，新的《全球健康室内空气承诺》是“一份共同的战略路线图，一个全球行动框架，汇集了九个相互关联的市场转型杠杆、40 个战略优先领域和近 180 项建议行动”。 

The commission’s work is supplemented by a new Global Indoor Air Quality Policy Database that catalogues over 200 healthy building policies across 53 countries as well a scoring system by a coalition called the Air Club that evaluates different countries’ program across a five-part framework including, according to Lagoudas, “Who’s in charge, defining standards, measure, enforce and support.” 该委员会的工作还得到新的全球室内空气质量政策数据库的补充，该数据库收录了 53 个国家的 200 多项健康建筑政策；此外，一个名为Air Club的联盟还建立了一套评分体系，依据五部分框架对各国的项目进行评估。据 Lagoudas 介绍，这五个部分包括“谁负责、定义标准、测量、执行和支持”。 

Fedrizzi, who, as former CEO of the U.S. Green Building Council was at the heart of the highly successful worldwide expansion of the green building movement, sees parallels in the current course of the healthy building field. As he described this process, “When awareness builds demand and demand attracts investment, investment accelerates innovation, then policy creates scale, standards build trust, education prepares a workforce and partnerships bring it all together.” Fedrizzi 曾任美国绿色建筑委员会（U.S. Green Building Council）首席执行官，是绿色建筑运动在全球取得巨大成功的核心人物。他认为，健康建筑领域当前的发展路径与之有相似之处。他这样描述这一过程：“当认知催生需求，需求吸引投资，投资加速创新，然后政策创造规模，标准建立信任，教育培养人才队伍，而合作将这一切凝聚在一起。” 

In other words, you’re likely to be hearing a lot more about healthy buildings before long, and to have an increasing number of opportunities to take advantage of their technologies, practices and benefits – a future in which we should all be able to breathe a little easier.   换句话说，不久之后你很可能会听到更多关于健康建筑的消息，也会有越来越多的机会利用其技术、实践和益处——在那个未来，我们每个人都应该能够呼吸得更轻松一些。  

Ken Sandler, Ph.D., is a clean energy and sustainability analyst and thought leader who spent 35 years advancing green building and sustainability policies and programs across the federal government. In addition to being a FacilitiesNet sustainability columnist and Facility Influencer, he writes his own newsletter, Regenerative Futures at LinkedIn and Substack.Ken Sandler 博士是一位清洁能源与可持续发展分析师和思想领袖，曾在联邦政府各部门推动绿色建筑与可持续发展政策和项目长达 35 年。他不仅是 FacilitiesNet 可持续发展专栏作家和 Facility Influencer，还在 LinkedIn 和 Substack 上撰写自己的时事通讯《Regenerative Futures》。

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